Pre-eclampsia: understanding, managing and supporting a healthy pregnancy

Pre-eclampsia is a condition that affects some pregnant women, usually after the 20th week of pregnancy or, in some cases, shortly after birth (known as postpartum preeclampsia).

What is pre-eclampsia?

This condition is defined by high blood pressure and signs of strain on organs such as the kidneys or liver, often detected through the presence of protein in the urine (1).

Many women may not notice any symptoms at first, which is why regular antenatal checks are so important. When diagnosed early and monitored closely, the outlook for both mother and baby is very good.

Recognising the symptoms

The first signs of pre-eclampsia are often subtle and may only be identified during a routine check-up.

But, as the condition develops, symptoms can include severe headaches, blurred or flashing vision, pain just below the ribs, nausea or vomiting, and sudden swelling of the face, hands or feet.

Anyone who experiences these changes should seek medical advice immediately. This is because, although many cases are mild, pre-eclampsia can lead to serious complications if left untreated.

Who’s at risk

Certain women are more likely to develop pre-eclampsia than others. The risk is higher in those who already have diabetes, high blood pressure or kidney disease, or in those with autoimmune conditions such as lupus or antiphospholipid syndrome (2).

Women who have experienced pre-eclampsia before, or who have a family history of it, are also at greater risk.

Other contributing factors include being over forty, having a body mass index of 35 or above, carrying twins or triplets, or having more than 10 years between pregnancies.

Causes and how it develops

The exact cause of pre-eclampsia remains uncertain, but it is thought to result from problems with the placenta, the organ that connects the mother’s and baby’s blood supplies.

There are numerous other factors that have been put forward as possible causes, such as release of inflammatory mediators into the mother's bloodstream and maternal endothelial dysfunction.

If the placenta does not develop properly, the blood vessels may not function as they should, leading to restricted flow, inflammation and increased blood pressure.

Treatment and medical care

Women diagnosed with pre-eclampsia are usually referred to a specialist for assessment and monitoring.

Blood pressure may be controlled with medication, and in some cases drugs are given to prevent seizures. If the baby is mature enough, labour may be induced or a caesarean section performed.

Most women recover well after delivery, though ongoing follow-up is important, as pre-eclampsia can occasionally occur in the weeks following birth.

Possible complications

Most cases resolve without difficulty once the baby is delivered, but untreated pre-eclampsia can cause serious problems. Complications may include eclampsia, which involves seizures, as well as liver or kidney damage, low platelet counts, pulmonary oedema, placental abruption or even premature birth.

That said, with early diagnosis and the appropriate care, the majority of women go on to have healthy pregnancies and recover fully.

Diet and lifestyle to reduce pre-eclampsia risk

Diet and lifestyle play a central role in the prevention and support of pre-eclampsia.

Being a healthy weight before pregnancy and avoiding excessive weight gain are considered important, as being over-weight is a major risk factor.

Healthy eating: A nutrient-rich diet based on whole foods, with plenty of fruits, vegetables, legumes, whole grains, fish and healthy fats such as olive oil, is widely recommended. Following a whole food diet may help to lower risk and support healthy blood pressure throughout pregnancy (3). The Mediterranean diet was put forward as an effective dietary model in studies. Also consume organic produce where possible to support the liver.

Hydration and salt balance: Good hydration, typically two litres of water or herbal tea daily, supports circulation and detoxification (4). Using natural salts in normal amounts is recommended rather than restricting sodium entirely, provided hydration remains adequate.

Stress and movement: Stress reduction techniques such as prenatal yoga, meditation, deep breathing or gentle massage can help to regulate blood pressure. Regular, moderate exercise like walking or yoga further improves circulation and also reduces tension.

Targeted nutritional support

Certain nutrients are emphasised for their potential to support vascular health and reduce inflammation.

Calcium in doses of around one to one and a half grams daily is strongly recommended for women with low dietary intake, as it can significantly reduce risk.

Vitamin D and calcium supplementation helps maintain healthy immune and cardiovascular function - vitamin D deficiency has been put forward as a risk factor for pre-eclampsia in research papers (5). Try Liquid Vitamin D3 (1000IU per drop)

Probiotics may support a balanced gut microbiome and reduce inflammation. More specifically, a Norwegian study demonstrated that milk-based probiotics reduced the overall risk of developing pre-eclampsia , along with the risk of developing severe forms of the condition (6).

Omega-3 fatty acids from fish oils provide anti-inflammatory benefits, and the amino acid L-arginine may aid blood vessel function. Studies suggest that fish oil supplementation can significantly reduce risk of developing pre-eclampsia (7). Try Pregnancy Omega Oil (200ml)

B vitamins, particularly folic acid and vitamin B6, are important for managing homocysteine levels, which tend to be higher in women with pre-eclampsia (8). Pregnancy and New Mother Support Multi (90 caps)

Takeaways

Pre-eclampsia usually arises after the twentieth week of pregnancy and requires careful monitoring throughout. Early detection is key.

Balanced nutrition, adequate hydration and stress management all play a supportive role.